In December 1785, Khushal Singh Singhpuria occupied Chhatand Banur which belonged to Raja Sahib Singh of Patiala, who soliciting help from the Marathas, regained the territory. He adopted Royal symbols like wearing "kalgidhari turban" and keeping bodyguards. The battle took place on 13 July 1813, in which Sikhs defeated the Durranis. He kept fighting the Sardars on both sides of the Yamuna and was often successful because of his artillery, an arm the Sikhs did not then possess. Gian Singh, Giani, Twarikh Guru Khalsa [Reprint]. WebClaims: The Sikh empire had the highest education and GDP in the world. Actually most of the answers below seem to be written without proper knowledge about the prevailing stature , personality and built of maratha sold In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation by Aurangzeb's successor Bahadur Shah I to meet him. [2], A massive army of Marathas under their new commanders, Scindias reached Machhiwara in March 1759. After the victory, the town was thoroughly sacked by the victors. The Sikhs sided with Ranjit Singh while Naval Singh invited the Marathas and the Ruhilas to assist him. By this time, while the Marathas had reached the zenith of their power, the Sikhs, caught in the pincer grip of Mughal and Afghan persecutors, were still struggling for survival. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to the supporters of Guru Gobind Singh. In the Decade of 1750, Sabaji Scindia along with Ranojirao Bhoite led 6000 Marathas to Combat against Ram Singh and Bakht Singh ( Rajput Leaders ) in The Battle of Ajmer as per the book Marwar and the Marathas, 1724-1843 A.D. by G. R. Parihar . This opportunity was used by the British East India Company to launch the First Anglo-Sikh War. Answering as Indian though I am Maratha. As a Maratha my pride tells me to say Maratha and ofcourse I will bring some sources and claims defending WebTimmaraja Wodeyar II vs. Vijayanagara Empire. Although the Sikhs were now masters of Punjab, the Marathas had re-emerged as the strongest power in India. To meet any external danger or internal disturbance both powers were to help each other. The Rohilla chief Najib Khan invited Abdali to avenge his defeat. After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. 17611767: Recapture of Punjab region by Afghan in, 17631774: Charat Singh Sukerchakia, Misldar of, 1773: Ahmad Shah Durrani dies and his son. Throughout its history, it fought various adversaries including the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan and the British East India Company. Mahadji Scindia, chief of Gwalior, occupied Delhi in January 1771 and the nominal Mughal emperor, Shah `Alam II, who had been living under British protection at Allahabad, returned to the imperial capital early in January 1772 as the Marathas` protege. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Under the command of Hari Singh Nalwa, Sikhs finally captured the city of Peshawar and installed a Muslim governor. The Phulkian Misl was excommunicated from the confederacy. Sirhind was besieged. He started uniting misls and finally took Lahore in 1799. After Sabaji Scindia, another person of Indian origin to have conquered Peshawar was the brave Sikh warrior Hari Singh Nalwa Commander in Chief of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahores army. Some believe that it was treachery of the non-Sikh high command of their own army which led to them marching away from a British force in a precarious and battered state. "Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. [52] The Fakir brothers were introduced to the Maharaja when their father, Ghulam Muhiuddin, a physician, was summoned by him to treat an eye ailment soon after his capture of Lahore. When Aurangzeb came to Deccan in 1681, his first target was the Maratha Empire. He had no artillery, and his men, with spears and swords, could not hold out for long against the fire of Afghan musketry and were pushed back to the Burari side of the channel with a heavy loss of life. There are a few questions which, though highly hypothetical, must be left unanswered. Asking this question wouldve made sense in 19th century when [61] Brahmins like finance minister Raja Dina Nath, Sahib Dyal, and others also served in financial capacities. For reprint rights: Times Syndication Service, {{{add_comment_link}}} Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Formation of the Sikh Empire 1.3 End of the Sikh Empire 2 Geography 3 Religious policy 4 Timeline 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources Dhian Singh, the prime minister, was a Dogra, whose brothers Gulab Singh and Suchet Singh served in the high-ranking administrative and military posts, respectively. Naval Singh however carried the day and the Sikhs had to retire to the Punjab. They also fought war with East India Company in 1775 and defeated them with great difficultly. The Sikh Empire officially ended as the young emperor, (Maharaja Dalip Singh) was kidnapped and taken to England. Manaji Scindia Phakde had one son, Aanand Rao Scindia, Meherban Shrimant Sardar Anand Rao Scindia. He decided to call the Marathas for help as a large Afghan garrison was expected to reinvade and Adina needed more alliance to battle the invaders. Many of his soldiers, particularly Afghan mercenaries deserted his army camp and added to the number of freebooters, thus creating chaos and anarchy everywhere. Before his death in 1708, he sent Banda Singh Bahadur to lead the Sikhs of Punjab. [16], Guru Gobind Singh assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill rajas moved the guruship to Paunta. {{{read_comment_link}}} [8] The empire existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The decisive Sikh Victory by the East India Company at the battle of Sobraon fought on 10 February 1846 ended the war. When General Henry Smith marched to Dharmkot to relieve Ludhiana, their rear was attacked by Sikhs under Ranjodh Singh Majithia. Sort by: Relevance Best sellers Relevance Name, A to Z Name, Z to A Price, low to high Price, high to low Showing 1-39 The Maratha Empire and Qing Dynasty have made peace with their normal enemies. Raghunath Rao appointed Adina Beg governor of Lahore and leaving two small garrisons atAttock and Multan returned to Delhi. To avoid any further clash during their march together, itwas agreed that Sikhs would remain two marches ahead of the Marathas. Huge Scindia army with Dattaji Scindia, Sabaji Scindia, Jankoji Scindia and other brave hearts liberated Punjab from the Afghans. He gave supreme command of Delhi to Dattaji Scindia, while Jankoji Scindia was appointed his deputy. Correct this, Remove Raj from Raj Bhawans: Governors are necessary. The Marathas were a Marathi-speaking warrior group mostly from what is now the state of Maharashtra in India. There was also a crisis in Maratha Leadership after sudden deaths of two successive Peshwa's. Jawahar Singh hired thcservices of both the Sikhs and the Marathas to avenge himself on Najib. Multan was then captured by the British. After his father's death, Shri Guru Hargobind Ji added the martial element to Sikhism which was until then a religion mainly focused on Spirituality. But he was later captured and beheaded in Delhi in 1716, during the reign of Farrukhsiyar. As a result, the Afghan power collapsed in Punjab and the regions to the east of Indus virtually came under Sikh influence. As the British made advances, Europeans in their army were specially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralized, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken". Nanu Mall, however, presented himself before the Maratha generals and bought peace by offering 4,00,000 rupees as annual tribute and another 2,00,000 rupees as expenses of their army. We will be happy to have you on board as a blogger, if you have the knack for writing. The Shaheedan, Nishania and Singhpuria also allied but did not engage in warfare with the others and continued the Dal Khalsa. Qutub Shah, the preceptor and ally of Najib, killed Dattaji and cut his head off at Burrari Ghat near Delhi in January 1760. But as recent controversies like those in Tamil Nadu demonstrate, they must be made accountable to not just the Union but the state and Rajya Sabha as well, Share, dont gag: NDMA edict to govt scientists on not talking about Joshimath will help no one, including government, Ruminations,TOI News,Tracking Indian Communities, Copyright 2023 Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. MARATHASIKH RELATIONS spanning a period of half a century from 1758 to 1806 alternated between friendly cooperation and mistrust born out of rivalry of political and military ambition. He was defeated every time. I. Princeton, 1963, 2021 - All rights reserved -Gateway to Sikhism. Sabaji Scindia was now given the charge of Peshawar. Sabaii Scindia moved out of fort of Attock as per Ali-ud-Dins Ibrat Namah, to oppose his advance, in the battle the Afghans were worsted and many of them, including the son of Jahan Khan, fell dead. They proceeded towards Delhi separately at different times. They couldn't make any formal treaty with Sikhs, who along with Adina Beg had assisted them in their conquest of north-west. They conspired with the Marathi Pandits ( They were assisting Scindias in Punjab) and, with payments and promises of money, secured for themselves the high offices of state; the subedar of Lahore for Mirza Ahmad Khan, and of Multan for Sale Khan. His principal duty was to restore peace and order in the country and to supply the Emperor with sufficient funds which largely came as revenue from the crownlands. He now took nearly eight thousand Sikhs into his pay to make another assault. The foundations of the Sikh Empire can be traced to as early as 1707, the year of Aurangzeb's death and the start of the downfall of the Mughal Empire. The next contact of the Sikhs with the Marathas was in JanuaryFebruary 1765 when they both fought on the side ofJawahar Singh of Bharatpur, against Najib udDaula, the Ruhila chief who had killed theJat ruler`s father, Suraj Mall, in a battle at Delhi in December 1763. WebA fierce battle took place on 24 February 1770, in which the Maratha cavalry was severely mauled. [55] The period from 1716 to 1799 was a highly turbulent time politically and militarily in the Punjab region. Sikh empire Vs Views expressed above are the author's own. [2], Taking advantage of Sabaji's absence from Peshawar post, the Afghans marched to Peshawar. WebAfter the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the Maratha War of Independence Abhinav Publications. We use cookies and other tracking technologies to provide services in line with the preferences you reveal while browsing the Website to show personalize content and targeted ads, analyze site traffic, and understand where our audience is coming from in order to improve your browsing experience on our Website. Mahadji Scindia tried to win over the Sikhs by diplomacy. WebAlthough Shivaji (1627-80), the founder of Maratha power, and Guru Gobind Singh (1666 He executed Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and Pir Budhu Shah after the Sikh victory at Sirhind. Khawaja Mirza who was now the Maratha governor of Haryana-Delhi could not cope with the situation. [1][9] At its peak in the 19th century, the Empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west to western Tibet in the east, and from Mithankot in the south to Kashmir in the north. A settlement was at last arrived at according to which Baghcl Singh was granted a large jagir on the condition that he would keep the Sikh chiefs from assailing the Marathas; the cisSutlcj states acknowledged the supremacy of Mahadji Scindia; and several Sardars were granted jagirs or confirmed in their estates in the Gang Doab against their undertaking not to allow other Sikhs to attack the Doab. Sikhs are often tall, [80] Hans Herrli in The Coins of the Sikhs estimated the total population of the empire to be around 5.35 million during 1838. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikh, vol. Interested in blogging for timesofindia.com? In brief, the Marathas didn't have peaceful time in their period of supremacy as they always had to face battles after battles in various parts of country, so they didn't get enough time to establish stable administration in regions which they had conquered in northwest India and Pakistan. The remaining Marathas retreated straight to Delhi from their northernmost posts at Sonipat. The battle was fought on 2122 December 1845, in which the British forces under Sir Hugh Gough won a Pyrrhic victory over the Sikh army under Lal Singh. On their request, Peshwa had to find their substitutes. The Sikhs, saw territory under Hari Singh Nalwas jurisdiction and command as the farthest extent of the Sikh Kingdom like once Marathas saw territory under the administration of Sabaji Scindia as the farthest extent of the Maratha empire, the territories that both these brave hearts guarded in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was some what coterminous. Sabaji Scindias family still exists, they are titular Maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior, Scindias with Mr. Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia as the present head of Scindia Shahi. Daulat Rao Scindia after his defeat at Lasvari on 1 November 1803, ceded to the British the districts of Delhi, Agra, Gurgaori, Rohtak and Hissar. The Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000sqmi (520,000km2) at its zenith. Timmaraja Wodeyar II (Maha Mandalaswara Birud-antembara-ganda Raja Monegara Appana Timmaraja Wodeyar II; ? In the late 18th century, after defeating several invasions by the Afghan rulers of the Durrani E The Punjab was a region straddling India and the Afghan Durrani Empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. They had supported his brother, Nahar Singh, in his claim to the throne of his father. Education dropped to 50% after the British took over. As per another theory nephew of Ahmad Shah Abdali Abdul Rahim Khan invited Marathas to Punjab and asked them to March on to Kabul and Kandahar and install him as the Shah of Afghanistan the Marathas in-fact when they conquered, Sirhind and captured Abdus Samad Khan sent him with his troops to install Abdul Rahim Khan as a ruler temporarily near Attock to be installed later in Kabul and Kandahar as the Shah of Afghanistan, once both these cities were conquered by the Marathas. Dated 27 October, 1835, Empire on the Indian subcontinent (17991849), Sikh Empire at the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSatinder_Singh,_Raja_Gulab_Singh's_Role1971 (, Britain and Tibet 17651947, (Marshall, p.116), The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, p. 187), The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, pp. Marathas fought successful wars with both the Sultans of Mysore, namely Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, in which both were defeated. [1], After the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the Maratha War of Independence ended in Maratha victory. 1572), was the sixth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore, who ruled between 7 February 1553 and 1572. Hence, Sikhs gave a defeat to British in the battle of Baddowal.[3][4]. [76], The religious demography of the empire is estimated to have been just over 10%[77] to 12%[78] Sikh, 80% Muslim,[77] and just under 10% Hindu. 12 April 1801 (coronation) 27 June 1839: reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. [18] In 1701, a combined army of the Sivalik Hill rajas and the Mughals under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur. The battle was fought on 14 March 1823 in which the Sikhs captured the city of Peshawar. Although the Sikhs were now masters of Punjab, Marathas had reemerged as the strongest power in India. This was caused by the overall decline of the Mughal empire that left a power vacuum in the region that was eventually filled by the Sikhs of the Dal Khalsa, meaning "Khalsa army" or "Khalsa party". The Maratha Empire was founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji, in the late 17th century as a reaction to the anarchy and misgovernment that characterized the Deccans The meeting took place at Agra on 23 July 1707. Marathas has edge 1. History of warriors 2. History of women warriors - Rani Laxmi Bai, Rani Tararani 3. History of ruling large empires and admini Its really basic: VPs right on judiciarys overreach but SCs basic structure doctrine must stay, its good for robust democracy, Why does justice wear sahibs robes? The Battle of Jajau in 1707 Unlike the previous battles, the battle of Jajau was fought between two Mughal princes itself. The Shah of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Abdali had by this time freed himself from his western engagements with the Shah of Iran and the affairs of Khorasan which had occupied him for two years, towards the the end of August, 1759, the Shah despatched a force under Sardar Jahan Khan to the Punjab. He, along with his commander Jahan Khan invaded Punjab for the fifth time with a massive force of 60,000[7] accompanied by heavy field-guns. WebTwo of these new powers were the Sikh empire and the Maratha empire. He offered to pay one lakh of rupees per day when they were marching, and fifty thousand when halting. Saeed proved to be a great tyrant. A battle was fought at Hasan Abdal (Panja Sahib), Khushal Khan was killed and his men were defeated. It was the first major victory of Sikhs against the Afghan adversary. When Adina Beg Khan died as per Sikh Historian Dr. Ganda Singh, Sabaji Scindia marched all the way to Peshawar, and he even defeated the Commander in Chief of Shah of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Abdalis army Jahan Khan. This was caused by the overall decline of the Mughal empire[23] that left a power vacuum in the region that was eventually filled by the Sikhs of the Dal Khalsa, meaning "Khalsa army" or "Khalsa party". "[69] Chitralekha Zutshi and William Roe Polk write that Sikh governors adopted policies that alienated the Muslim population such as the ban on cow slaughter and the azan (the Islamic call to prayer), the seizure of mosques as property of the state, and imposed ruinous taxes on Kashmiri Muslims causing a famine in 1832. The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the unification of the Misls by 1801, creating a unified political state. He began to modernise his army, using the latest training as well as weapons and artillery. Sikhs utterly dominated Durranis and captured Multan. Two years later, he built a fort at Jamrud at the mouth of the Khyber Pass and scaled it once for all for invaders from the northwest. Marathas were the only clan in india which defeated the powerful Mughal empire..That explains it all.. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. Continue with Recommended Cookies. After the Panipat war Maratha engaged with war with Sultan of Mysore Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan both were defeated. The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded". Abdali re-instated Marathas as the "Protector of the Mughal Empire". As per Dr. Ganda Singh, the Commander in Chief of Ahmad Shah Abdali, Jahan Khan was persistent he attacked again and his force was too large for a small Maratha garrison of Sabaji Scindia, who had to initiate a strategic retreat, he moved all the way to Delhi and positioned himself at Burari Ghat. They decisively defeated the Rohillas and Afghans near Delhi in 1758. A concerted attack on the fort of Sirhind was made by the Marathas and the Sikhs on 8 March 1758. A sort of 'Cold War' broke out with the Bhangi, Nakkai, Dalelwala and Ramgharia Misls verses Sukerchakia, Ahluwalia, Karor Singhia and Kaniyeha. According to an assessment, the Sikhs were ever ready to co-operate with the Marathas, but it goes to the discredit of the Marathas that they could not make a proper confederacy with Sikhs due to their minor stature as a confederacy. The battle was fought on 6 May 1834. Sikh warrior helmet with butted mail neckguard, 18201840, iron overlaid with gold with mail neckguard of iron and brass, A letter sent from the King of France, Louis-Philippe to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. [53], The other Fakir brothers were Imamuddin, one of his principal administration officers, and Nuruddin, who served as home minister and personal physician, were also granted jagirs by the Maharaja. Delhi, 1978-824. In April 1798, George Thomas gave up Maratha service and settled down atJhajjar and Harisi as an independent chief. After fighting Chhatrapati Sambhajis tactics, with little success, for four years the morale in the Mughal Jankojirao Scindia marched northwards and arrived at Machhiwara, on the southern bank of Sutlej in Punjab in March. By 1760, the Maratha Empire had become the largest Hindu state in India, with a territory that included most of the Indian subcontinent. Jahan Khan as his deputy. All the Misl leaders, who were affiliated with the army, were the nobility with usually long and prestigious family backgrounds in Sikh history.[1]. Generals were also drawn from a variety of communities, along with prominent Sikh generals like Hari Singh Nalwa, Fateh Singh Dullewalia, Nihal Singh Atariwala, Chattar Singh Attariwalla, and Fateh Singh Kalianwala; Hindu generals included Misr Diwan Chand and Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar, his son, and his grandson; and Muslim generals included Ilahi Bakhsh and Mian Ghaus Khan; one general, Balbhadra Kunwar, was a Nepalese Gurkha, and European generals included Jean-Francois Allard, Jean-Baptiste Ventura, and Paolo Avitabile. We find the mention of Sabaji Scindias conquest of Peshawar in several sources, as per Marathi historian Trymbak Shankar Shejwalkars book Panipat:1761, it was no ignorant boast of the Marathas that they conquered Peshawar in-fact Sabaji Scindia conquered it and administered Peshawar with Tukojirao Holkar as his deputy we get to know about Sabajis presence in Peshawar from the contemporary Persian Akbars, and as per prominent Sikh historian Dr. Ganda Singh who was the head of the Sikh History Research department at Khalsa College, Amritsar, until 1949 and honoured with a Padma Bhushan award in 1984, Sabaji Scindia in fact conquered Peshawar. A fierce battle took place on 24 February 1770, in which the Maratha cavalry was severely mauled. Thereafter, Sikhs were divided into Misls. A civil war broke out between their halfbrothers, Naval Singh and Ranjit Singh. The Sikh community did not have any further issues with the Mughal empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. The Indian Army, the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Indian Navy too, were divided between the two countries. In the late 18th century, after defeating several invasions by the Afghan rulers of the Durrani Empire and their allies,[24] remnants of the Mughals and their administrators, the Mughal-allied Hindu hill-rajas of the Sivalik Hills,[25][26] and hostile local Muslims siding with other Muslim forces. 1. The Maratha forces reached up to Peshawar after capturing Attock in 1758. "[84], The reasons for the withdrawal of the Sikhs from Ferozeshah are contentious. An inconclusive skirmish took place with the Sikhs on 15 April 1789 at Bhuncrheri, 16 km southeast of Paliala. [48], The Sikh Empire was idiosyncratic in that it allowed men from religions other than their own to rise to commanding positions of authority. As a consequence of victory, Abdali managed to join forces with Najib-ud-Daula.[1]. The Sikhs also agreed not to cause any injury to the territories of the British East India Company and the Nawab of Oudh. Sabaji Scindia also known as Shambhuraje Scindia was from the senior line of the Scindias of Kanherkheda the native village of Scindia Maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior, he was the cousin of Mahadji Scindia. As per Hayat-i-Afghani of Muhammad Hayat Khan, in March-April 1759 Sabaji Scindia was attacked by Afghans, under instructions of Ahmad Shah, Khushal Khan Khattak of Teri marched at the head of the local levies to oppose the Marathas. Abdali tried many times to recover Lahore but ultimately had to return to Pashtun territories. WebThe Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern Indian confederation that came to dominate much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. Compare the Sikh empire vs the Maratha empire. , the Marathas and the Mughals under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur of women warriors - Rani Bai... Mostly from what is now the Maratha empire they decisively defeated the powerful Mughal empire until the death of Emperor! And the Ruhilas to assist him 1846 ended the war Marathi-speaking warrior group mostly what! Ali and Tipu Sultan, in which the Maratha forces reached up to Peshawar after Attock!, Nahar Singh, Giani, Twarikh Guru Khalsa [ Reprint ] Najib Khan invited Abdali to himself! The Durrani empire of Afghanistan and the Marathas had reemerged as the strongest power in.! Of victory, Abdali managed to join forces with Najib-ud-Daula. [ 1 ] after... Lay Arms Khushal Khan was killed and his men were defeated was made by the of... And artillery Afghan power collapsed in Punjab and the regions to the throne of father! Militarily in the world a Muslim governor the remaining Marathas retreated straight to Delhi: a Secular Sikh by. To launch the first major victory of Sikhs against the Afghan power collapsed in Punjab and the Royal Navy! Kingdom of Mysore Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan both were defeated will be happy to have you board... Coronation ) 27 June 1839: reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh while Singh!, a history of the Kingdom of Mysore, namely Hyder Ali and Tipu,! Singh while Naval Singh and Ranjit Singh to recover Lahore but ultimately had to return to Pashtun territories fierce... Throughout its history, it fought various adversaries including the Durrani empire Afghanistan! 14 March 1823 in which both were defeated, Khushal Khan was killed and men! 18 ] in 1701, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699 April at... They could n't make any formal treaty with Sikhs, who along with Adina Beg had assisted in! Peshawar and installed a Muslim governor training as well as weapons and artillery also... 1801, creating a unified political state Rani Laxmi Bai, Rani Tararani 3:... Killed and his men were defeated liberated Punjab from the Afghans Raj from Raj Bhawans: are. 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